1-The chldren …………….near the coast had seen a man there .

a.who playing           b. playing          c. played               d. play

2-The ideas ……………….in the book are good

a. present           b. presented           c. are presenting        d. presenting

3- Acid rain ………..by burning of gas , oil destroys the forest .

a. is created        b. creating           c. created         d. creats

                                         4-Theboy ……………….is my young brother Bahram

a. played       b. is playing            plays               d. playing

5. Cars ---------- pollution to the air should be stopped.

     a. causing                  b. cause           c. who cause           d. are causing

                             6-The psychologists………………. the students are from this city

a. study          b. studying          c. to study             d. syudied

.          7-All over the world , there arepeople ……………the land,the sea, and the air a. pollute         b. polluted           c. polluting        d.to pllute                  

                                   8-The energy that comes from ……………is solar energy .

                                        d. sky    a.moon        b.earth         c.sun      

9. Now I believe that everybody knows enough about the problem to take ………………. .

          a) information         b) action       c) subject                 d) health

10- The burning of fossil fuels ………………… carbon dioxide.

          a) pumps              b) stores      c) depends                d) produces

11. Our ……………… to think and speak makes us different from other animals.

          a) ability              b) activity     c) memory                 4) research

12. The amount of money one earns …………………… the work he is doing.

          a) refers to          b) consists of     c) asks for            d) depends on

13. You don’t have to be …………about the baby. I can take care of him.

a) concentrated         b) increased         c) confident            d) concerned      

14- we need stronger laws to protct the ………………..from pollution .

a. projection         b.extinction     c. environment          d. atmosphere

15-Test the ……………..of the water to make sure is not hot .

a.posture          b. gesture            c.temperature           d. atmosphere

16-Since human beings cut the trees and pollute the seas and oceans .many kind of animals are put in danger of……………

a.extinction          b.production         c. projection       d. condition

17. By …. Glass, paper and metal , we can save materials , enegy , and money.       a) recycling       b) polluting      c)producing      d) concerning
18.The air, water, or land in which living things live is called……..
a) environment      b) pollution      c) atmosphere        d) weather
19. Many greenhouse gases coming from things we do everyday … energy in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.
a) produce      b) trap        c) recycle       d) decrease
20………is the average of a regions weather over period of time.
a) environment      b) atmosphere     c) climate        d) pollution

21-the greenhouse effect is dagerous for the……………….

a.plan          b. plane         c planet      d.  plant

22-we can help control global warming by using public……………….

a. comunication         b. examination         c.extincation      d.transportation

                              23- people living in cold …………….need to wear warm clothes

a.vessels         b. reginons       c. lamps           d. planets

              24. Nowadays solar energy can be used to -------- buildings and water.

     a. save                       b. produce          c. burn                     d. heat

Global warming is the average (25) in the Earth’s (26) which then causes changes in climate. A warmer Earth may have results such as changes in (27) patterns, a rise in (28) levels, and different effects on (29) wild – life and humans. When scientists talk about climate change, they are (30) about global warming caused by human activities.

25. a. decrease   b. increase        c. work            d. control

26. a. problem           b. change          c. movement              d. temperature

27. a. humans            b. animals         c. plants           d. rainfall

28. a. stone             b. sea                    c. jungles          d. farms

29. a. houses            b. plants           c. roads           d. flowers

30. a. ashamed   b. concerned             c. active           d. interested

Education is the process by which people get knowledge, skills, habits, and values. The word education is also used to describe the results of the educational process. Education should help a person become a useful member of society. It should also help him develop an understanding of his culture and live a better life. The most common way to get an education is to take part school. But much education also happen outside the classroom.
Education involves both learning and teaching. Sometimes, people learn by teaching themselves. But they also learn with the help of other people such as parents or teachers. Parents are a Childs first and perhaps most important teachers. But few parents have either the time or the ability to teach their children everything that they need to know. A modem society cannot continue its life without education. But most nations consider educations benefits to individuals equally as important as its benefits to society.
31-the writter of the passage believes that ……………..of the parents don,t have time to teach their children.

a. few            b. many              c.most              d. any  
32. the general way to receive education is …………..

a. to teach ourselves    b.to help people   c to participate school   d.to buy books

33. The word they in line 9 in second paraghraph refers to ……
a.pepole        b.teachers      c.parents         d.children
34. we understand from the passage that most parents send their children to school because they ………
a. are too busy to teach them at home.    b. don’t get much benefit from teaching
c.have to attend schools themselves.      d.have enough time to teach their chidren
35. Education includes ……………….
a.learning and reading    b. only teaching    c. only learning  d. learningand teaching
36. It is………………… to be educated without attending school.
a. impossible         b. possible          c. necessary            d. intersting

 

 

تبديل جمله واره ی توصيفی( adjective clause ) به يك عبارت توصيفی( adjective phrase )

 

جمله واره ی توصيفی  ( adjective clause ) به مجموعه ای از كلمات گفته می شود كه ( دارای اركان جمله از قبيل فاعل، فعل، و………می باشد ) بعد از يك اسم آورده می شود و اطلاعاتی در باره ی آن اسم را ارئه می دهد.

 

به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

 

All over the world, there are people who pollute the environment.

                                        noun              adjective clause             

در جمله ی بالاقسمتی كه زير آن خط كشيده شده است يك جمله واره ی  توصيفی است و اطلاعاتی در باره ی كلمه ی people به ما می دهد.

 

 به مثال زير توجه كنيد.  

The cars which are produced in this factory use a lot of energy.

    noun              adjective clause             

 

در جمله ی بالاقسمتی كه زير آن خط كشيده شده است يك جمـله واره ی توصيـفی است و اطلاعاتی در باره ی كلمه  cars  به ما مي دهد.بايد توجه داشت كه در مثال اول كلمه  people  نقش فاعلی دارد و در مثال دوم كلمه cars  نقش مفعولی دارد.

  

 عبارت توصيفی  ( adjective phrase ) به گروهی از كلمات به هم مرتبط گفته می شود كه دارای فاعل و فعل نمی باشند. عبارت توصيفی بعد از يك اسم می آيد و اطلاعاتی در باره  ی آن اسم به ما می دهد.

 

به مثال های زير توجه كنيد.

 

 

In the name of god

نام و نام خانوادگي :                             آداره آموزش و پرورش ناحيه يك           وقت : 80 دقيقه

I . Vocabulary

A: Fill in the blanks with the words given . There is one extra word .    4

Stretched / healthy / shape / protect / focus / relies / nutrients / bent / flexible

1.   The ……………..of the meeting changed from education to exercise .

2.   Does too much sleep keep you ………………..? No , it causes us to feel tired .

3.   I ………………..down to lift the box off the floor .

4.   Mina usually does exercise to keep her ………………  .

5.   Mothers must feed their children with rich ……………    .

6.   He …………….his arm to touch the lamp ; but he was too short .

7.   A ……………..pair of shoes make you feel comfortable while walking .

 

 

گرامر درس دوم

 کاربرد افعال  help, let, make , force

 

كاربرد فعل  help

بعد از فعل  help ابتدا مفعول وسپس مصدر با  to  يا بدون to  به كار می رود.

 

 Help  + مفعول    + to  مصدر بدون/ to  مصدر با  

به مثال های زير توجه كنيد.

Our new teacher helped us answer / to answer the question.

 

در مثال بالا بعد از فعل help  ما می توانيم فعل بعدی (answer) را به صورت با to يا بدون to  به كار ببريم.

 

نكته : در ساختار can / could ( not )  help ( doing ) sthكه به مفهوم اجتناب كردن ياجلو گيری كردن ازچيزی می باشد بعد از help  شكل ing  دار  به كار می رود.

 

 به مثال های زير توجه كنيد.

 

  It was such a funny jock that we couldn’t help laughing.

  We can’t help thinking he’s still alive.

 

كاربرد فعل let

فعل  let  به معنای ‹‹ اجازه دادن›› می باشد و بعد از آن مصدر بدون to   به كار می رود.

 

Let + مصدر بدون + مفعول to  

 

 به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

He let me use his car.

 

نکته :let  معمولا در جملات مجهول به کار نمی رود. در جملات مجهول به جای letاز افعال permitو allow  استفاده می شود.

 

به مثال های زیر توجه فرمایید.

Amin is allowed to have a copy of the letter.

          Passive   infinitive

After questioning, he was permited to go out.

                                Passive          infinitive

 

همان طور که در مثال های بالا مشاهده می شود در ساختار مجهول بعد از افعال allow  و permit  مصدر با to استفاده می شود.

 

 

نکته:به کاربرد let  در جملات امری توجه فرمایید.

1- جملات امر معلوم مثبت:

 

Let’s go home.

Let me use your motorcycle.

2- جملات امرمجهول مثبت:

Letthis letter be written.

                       be +  p.p

Let your books be opened.

                         be + p.p

3- جملات امر معلوم منفی:

Let’s not get  angry.

                                                                                                                                                               not + فعل ساده

 

Let’s not play outside.

                                                                                                                                                                 not  + فعل ساده

 

4- جملات امرمجهول منفی:

Letthis letter not be written.

                     not + be +  p.p

Let your books not be opened.

                         not + be +  p.p   

 

كاربرد فعل  permit و allow

فعل allow  به معنای ‹‹ اجازه دادن ›› می باشد و بعد از آن مصدر با to به كار می رود.

 

Allow+ مصدر با + مفعول to  

 

به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

The teacher allowed us to ask any questions.

They do not allow / permit people to smoke in public transportation.

                                                                                   مفعول شخصی

 

نکته: اگر مفعول شخصی در جمله نباشد بعد از این دو فعل Gerund  یعنی فعل همراه با ing استفاده می شود.

 

Allow/ permit + Gerund

 

They don’t allow / permit smoking in public transportation.

 

كاربرد فعل  make

بعد ار فعل  make  به معنای ‹‹ مجبوركردن ››  مصدر بدون to به كار می رود.

 

make +    مصدر بدون+ مفعول to

 

 به مثال زير توجه كنيد.

 

The teacher made the students give a lecture during the term.

 

نكته :در شكل مجهول بعد از فعل make  مصدر با to  به كار می رود. مثال:

 

The students were made to give a lecture during the term.

 

كاربرد BY :

By +فعل    +  ing

 

بعد از حرف اضافه  by   (و ساير حروف اضافه )  فعل به صـورت  ing    دار به كار مــی رود  بايد  توجه داشت كه این ساختــار هنگامی به كار می رود كه ما بخواهيم وسيله ی انجام كاری يا روش انجام كاری را نشان دهيم.

 

 به مثال  زير توجه كنيد.

 

Put feeling and energy into your voice by practicing.

 

در جمله ی بالا می توانيم by practicing   را در ابتدای جمله نيز به كار ببريم كه در اين صورت بايد بعد از آن كاما به كار برده شود.

By practicing, put feeling and energy into your voice.

 

نکته:در شکل منفی آن قبل از فعل ing  دار not  استفاده می کنیم.

به مثال  زير توجه كنيد.

You worried your mother by not writing.

 

نمونه سؤال:گزينه درست را انتخاب كنيد.

 

1- They talk to each other ………….moving their hands.

  a) with           b) in                c) by                  d) for

 

2- We can improve our speaking ability by………..hard.                                          

  a) practice    b) to practice    c) practicing      d) being practiced

 

3-I wasn’t feeling very well, but the medicine made me ….... better.                                                                                                                                    

  a) feel         b) felt             c) to feel              d) feeling

 

4- He told a funny joke and we couldn’t help……….. .

  a) to laugh        b) laugh          c) laughing         d) laughed

 

5-All the students were made………..a lecture during the term.

  a) gave          b) to give               c) giving            d) give

 

6- If I write a list, it will help me……all the things I want to buy.

  a) remember                 b) remembering    

  c) to remembering         d) remembers

 

7- Since he was ill during the exams, they let him…………the English teat again.

  a) take              b) to take           c) taking           d) took                                             

 

8- “What did she do when she discovered his plan?” “ She made him……."                                                                  

  a) leaving           b) to leave          c) left              d) leave                                   

 

9- Will you help me………the door?                                                               

  a) open          b) opening         c) that I open      d) that you open

 

10- I allowed my son………. outside to play with his friends.

    a) go             b) to go              c) going              d) goes

 

 
 

ربط دهنده ها : when ,as,while,whether ,if,since

When:1.

.۱.برای بیان ۲ عمل متوالی (پشت سر هم با فاصله کوتاه

.When I opened the window ,the cat jumped out

.(دو عمل بدنبال یکدیگر)

در این جمله When به معنی "به محض اینکه میباشد و به جای آن میتوان از as نیز استفاده کرد

۲.برای بیان ۲ عمل همزمان (عمل کوتاه با when

.She was in the other room when the phone rang.

(عمل همزمان)

WhenI got home ,they were watching TV

=(عمل کوتاه با when

۳.بیان واقعیت /تکرار عملی /عادت /دوره زمانی

I become happy when(ever) I meet my family .( تکرار =عادت)

4. I learned English when (=While) I was in London .(دوره زمانی)

5.When I get home ,I will call you .(……)

7.When I got home ,they were watching TV.(……)

8. When (ever)you exercise ,your body uses the extra fuel.(….)

9. When I left home ,I remembered I didn’t have any keys (......) 

10.I lost my father when I was 12 years old .(…)

10.1.When she pressed the button ,the lift stopped.(press :not continuous )

10.2.When the TV star arrives ,there will be a big crowd .( arrive: not continuous)

AS :Different uses of "as":کاربردهای

11. He speaks English as fluently as a native speaker.(تساوی)

12. As I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .(وقتی که /به محض اینکه)

13. As long as he continues telling lie,nobody will help him .(اگر-شرطی)

14. As I mentioned ,tomorrow the schools will remain closed(همانطور که)

15. As I was fixing my car ,my wife was setting the table (عمل همزمان)

16.I will do it as you tell me. (همانطور که)

17.As you become older ,you become less willing to change your ideas .(نسبت :هر چقدر سن بره بالا -)در نسبت معمولا جمله بصورت تفضیلی نوشته میشود

18. As Linda is the oldest child ,she has to look after the children(چون)

19.Send me some money as soon as you can .(=When )

20.She is as quiet as a mouse .(تساوی:به آرامی یک موش)

21. As I pointed , tomorrow the schools will remain closed

22.She treats me as if she hated me (unreal things -غیر واقعی)

معنی جمله :طوری رفتار میکرد که انگار از من بدش میاد.

23.It looks as if the weather is improving.(may happen )

24.A:The food is good .B:Yes,the prices are reasonable,as well .(همینطور/علاوه بر این)

As = While .1.بیان دو عمل همزمان (به معنی همزمانی : در حالی که )

While I was fixing my car ,my wife was setting the table .

AsI was fixing my car ,my wife was setting the table .

WhileI was in London ,I learned a lot about computer science .

2. (As )بیان دو عمل که بدنبال یکدیکر انجام شده است .در این صورت از WHEN نیز میتوان استفاده کرد (( در معنی وقتی یا به محض اینکه ))

AsI completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .

= When I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office

3. (As =since=because)دلیل-reason :

As Linda is the oldest child ,(so)she has to look after the children .

=Since Linda is the oldest child ,she has to look after the children

I couldn’t wait for him because I was in a hurry .

SinceI was in a hurry ,I couldn’t wait for him.

Becausethe weather was cold ,we had to stay at home .

= Because of the cold weather ,we had to stay at home .

4.As (نسبت :proportion )

Asit grows darker ,it becomes colder.(در نسبت صفت تفضیلی)

Since :(time/reason )" :"چون "و "از زمانی که

I haven’t seen him since I moved here .

Whether /if/unless/provided that .. (شرطی)

I will go to work if I feel better .

I will go to work if I feel better or not .

I will go to work whether I feel better or not .

I will go to work whether or not I feel better .

**I will go to work if or not I feel better .(wrong /why?)جمله به این شکل درست نیست

You can't buy this car unless you have enough money .unless means =if ....................... not

You can't buy this car if you have not enough money

 

Some points :

 

WhenI left home ,I remembered I didn’t have any keys(( از خانه خارج شده بعد بخاطرآورده

AsI left home ,I remembered I didn’t have any keys .(( در حالیکه از خانه خارج می شده بخاطرآورده

.=While I was leaving home , I remembered I didn’t have any keys.

. As I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .

=When I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .As I didn’t study , I failed (why)

As I was getting off the bus , I fell down.(when )

My brother has a headache when he watches TV.(whenever)

When =While=As we were driving through the forest ,we saw a strange animal .(when as your last choice

We were all pleased when she passed the exam .( not continuous )

They sang as they walked .(continuous :ماهیتا استمراری)

As prices rise ,(so )the demand of higher wages will increase .(چون)

We got to the station late because the traffic was heavy .

We got to the station late because of the heavy traffic

بعد ازbecauseof اسم و یا فعل با ing

We got to the station late due to heavy traffic .= because of

While /As I was climbing the mountain ,I lost my control and fell down .

When I got to the station ,the train had left .

As a student he had known great poverty .(when he was a student )وقتی=As

As a student he get in for a half price .(since he was a student)چون=As

Choose the best answer                     :گزینه صحیح را انتخاب کنید

1.The doorbell rang …...we were having lunch .

(when /since/whereas/so that )

2.She 's been waiting for Jack's letter …….he left her six months ago.

(when/while/as/since)

3……..I want to open this door ,it produces a noise .

(as /when /since/whereas)

4.She came and asked me ….… I really wanted to leave .

(whether/since/while/where)

5.She had an accident ……..she was crossing the street .

(since /when/whether/ever since)

6.The last time I went to shiraz was in Tir …..the weather was hot .

(as/ whether/since/when)

7.His parents died ……he was only a boy of 12.

(since/as/when/because)

8.I always felt lonely ..….having very few friends to go out with .

(since/as/because of /when )

9.He left his hometown and has not returned there ….

(since then =ever since /from then /till then )

10…...moving to a warmer places ,I had had no trouble with my asthma .

(as/when/since/while)

11.Just …... I was taking the photograph ,sb walked in front of the camera .

(so /as/since/until)

12.When I visited the musume ,I felt ….I had returned to past times .

(as long as /as soon as /as if )

13.I saw an accident ….I was walking home .

(when /because /since/as)

14…..I was too hungry ,I stopped to buy a sandwich .

(when /while /as /whether)

15.In the 12 months …..I wrote to you ,a lot has happened to me .

(as/whether/when/since)

16.She asked me ..….she was coming .

(as/since/so/ whether)

17.Leave things ..…they are until the police arrives .

(when /as/since/whether)

18.I learned to speak English …I was in South America last year .

(while/then/since/whether)

19.I can still remember the day ……we met each other .

(while/as/when/whereas)

20.It is thought that the present generation has never worked …..the former one .

(as hardly as /as harder as /as hard as /as hard like )

21…..when haven’t you seen him ?

(as/long/when/while)

22.They have reconstructed a lot of houses in Bam ….they started their work .

(while/since/when/as)

23…… she finished her work ,she could move home .(

because of /while/when /during )

24……..her politeness and beauty she was admired by everyone .

(because/as/because of /since)

25.She didn’t know ……..her father let her go to picnic with her friends.

(whether /while /because /however)

26.I like to keep fit ,so I go swimming as ….as I can .

(if/long/soon/often)

 

درس چهارم

مهارت های خواندن
(کاما- کولون -…)

۱- یکی از مهارت های خواندن درک روابط میان بخش های مختلف یک جمله و جمله های متن از طریق علائم نشانه گذاری است در زیر با مهمترین این علائم آشنا می شوید.
(,) کاما : کار این علامت «جداکردن کلمات در یک لیست» می باشد. این علامت قبل و بعد از یک قضیه یا عبارت که اطلاعات اضافی درباره یک اسم که آن را دنبال می کند می آید. (:) کولون : کار این علامت معرفی لیستی از موارد می باشد. همچنین برای «بیان کلمات دقیق شخص» یا به عبارت دیگر «نقل قول مستقیم از شخصی» به کار می رود.
(؛) سمی کولون : کار این علامت «جدا کردن دو قضیه اصلی یا بیشتر» به خصوص آن هایی که بدون حرف ربط یا کاما هستند، می باشد.
(-) دَش : به معنای خط تیره است. کار این علامت «جداکردن یک عبارت از بقیه جمله» می باشد که به این وسیله خلاصه مطلب یا نتیجه مطلب را نشان بدهد. همچنین خط تیره قبل یا بعد از یک عبارت جهت «دادن اطلاعات اضافی» به کار می رود.
۲ – معنی برخی کلمه های ناآشنای موجود در متن را می توان از طریق «تصاویر» و «تخیل» و «آشنایی با آن ها در زبان مادری» حدس زد.

دستور زبان

بحث گرامری این درس درباره حروف ربط در عبارات قیدی می باشد که در زیر به توضیح آن می پردازیم.
الف) کاربرد so,such در عبارات قیدی
۱ – به جملات زیر توجه کنید.
Most earthquakes are so weak that they cause almost no damage.
بیشتر زلزله ها آنقدر ضعیف هستند که تقریباً هیچ آسیبی را سبب نمی شوند.
It was such a rainy day that we couldn’t go walking.
آنچنان روز بارانی بود که ما نتوانستیم به پیاده روی برویم.
So,such در این مثال ها به معنای «آنقدر و آنچنان» هستند و معنای قید یا صفتی را که بعد از آن می آید، شدت می بخشند.
۲ – so قبل از صفت یا اسم می آید و به دنبال آن یک that clause یعنی جمله ای که با that آغاز می شود
So + صفت یا قید+ that + …….
۳ – such قبل از صفت همراه اسم می آید و به دنبال آن یک that claue می آید.
Such + صفت یا قید+ اسم + that +………
ب) کاربرد too , enough در عبارات قیدی
۱ – به جملات زیر توجه کنید.
The situation ofter the earthquake was too bad to explain.
وضعیت بعد از زلزله برای توصیف بسیار بد بود.
She isn’t old enough to go to school yet.
او هنوز به حد کافی بزرگ نشده که به مدرسه برود.
کلمه enough بعد از صفت یا قید در جمله قرار می گیرد و حد کافی را می رساند. کلمه too بر سر صفت یا قید می آید و به آن شدت می بخشد. Too در اینجا به معنای خیلی زیاد می باشد.
۲ – کلمه enough به معنای کافی گاهی قبل از اسم می آید و در این صورت نقش صفت را بازی می کند مانند :
Enough money پول کافی
Enough experience تجربه کافی
۳ – هنگامی که enough بعد از صفت یا قید در جمله بیاید بعد از آن می تواند فعل به صورت مصدر با to قرار گیرد به صورت زیر :
صفت یا قید+ enough + to‌مصدر با + …..
به یک مثال دیگر توجه کنید:
She is experienced enough to get this job.
او به حد کافی با تجربه هست که این شغل را بگیرد.
هنگامی که در جمله too بر سرصفت یا قید می آید معمولاً به دنبال آن فعل مصدری با to قرار می گیرد. در این صورت ظاهر جمله مثبت است ولی مفهوم آن منفی است.
Too + صفت یا قید + to‌مصدر با + ……..
به این مثال توجه کنید:
I was too busy to talk to you last week.
من هفته گذشته خیلی گرفتار بودم که با شما صحبت کنم. و یا بهتر است بگوییم «من هفته گذشته آنقدر گرفتار بودم که نتوانستم با شما صحبت کنم.
۴ – گاهی به دنبال too , enough که بر سر صفت یا قید آمده باشد، حرف اضافه for و یک مفعول اسمی یا ضمیری می آید و سپس فعل مصدری با to نوشته می شود. مانند
It is too hard for me to lave my family.
برای من خیلی سخت است که خانواده ام راترک کنم.
۵ – کاربرد that بعد از enough و too همراه یک جمله (مانند کاربرد that clause در توضیحات so, such) اشتباه است.

نقش جمله

۱ – یکی از نقش های جمله «نام گذاری کردن » یا Naming است.گاهی اوقات نویسنده با یک توصیف کوتاه یا بلند به یک شخص یا یک شیء نام یا لقب می دهد. اغلب در این گونه جملات کلماتی مانند be called – named – known استفاده می شود. مانند :
The scientific study of the earth is called geology.
2 – از دیگر نقش های جمله «فرضیه ساختن» یا «Hypothesizing» است. هنگام فرضیه ساختن نویسنده سعی دارد برای توضیح بیشتر چیزی که نمی شناسیم یا نمی دانیم راهی را پیشنهاد دهد. اغلب در این موارد از کلماتی مانند be thought- believed- estimated استفاده می شود. مانند :
It is thought that about too shocks eacks each year have this power they accure in a populated area.

تمرین:
گزینه صحیح را انتخاب کنید.
۱- peter is not ………to get this job.
1) experienced enough
2) such experienced
3) too experienced
4) so experienced

2 – The weather was …. That we decided to stay at home.
1) such, cold
2) so cold
3) cold enough
4) too cold

3 – It was …. Test that half of the students couldn’t pass it.
1) so hard
2) such a hard
3) hard enough
4) too hard

4 – Sorry , I couldn’t call you, I was ….. busy yesterday.
1) so
2) such
3) enough
4) too

5 – Do you have …. Money to buy this car ?
1) too
2) so
3) such
4) enough

6 – Emergency numbers are easy enough …. Them.
1) remember
2) to remember
3) remembered
4) remembering

7 – The instruction was ….. that even children could learn it easily.
1) so simple
2) every simple
3) too simple
4) simple enough

8 – This suitcase is too heavy for me ……..
۱) lift
2) to lift
3) for lifting
4) to lifting

9 – Most of the earthquakes are too light to be ….
۱) floated
2) rattled
3) located
4) occurred

10 – scientists can not still……..the exact area and time of an earthquake.
1) exist
2) destruct
3) predict
4) provide

پاسخ:

 

 

مهارت های خواندن
(Adjective clause -Adjective phrase )

1 – یکی از مهارت های خواندن درک روابط میان بخش های مختلف متن از طریق شناسایی ضمایر و مراجع آن هاست.
۱ – کلمه های نشان دهنده تضاد مانند:
(although = اگرچه)
(though = گرچه)
(unlike = برعکس)
(even= حتی)
(Instead of = به جای)
و … و کلمات اطراف واژه ناآشنا شما را در پی بردن به معنی آن کلمات یاری می دهد.

دستور زبان

مبحث گرامری این درس عبارت وصفی کوتاه شده می باشد که در زیر به توضیح در مورد آن می پردازیم.
۱٫ گروهی از کلمات مرتبط به هم که فاعل و فعل ندارند یک Phrase یا عبارت نامیده می شوند.
۲٫ Adjective clause یا عبارت وضعی که دارای فاعل و فعل است مانند یک صفت عمل می کند تا اطلاعاتی را در مورد شخصی یا چیزی بدهد.
۳ – Adjective clause را می توان به Adjective phrase به دو طریق کوتاه نبود. به این منظور اگر فعل جمله در قضیه وصفی از مشتقات فعل tobe باشد می توان با حذف آن و حذف ضمیر موصولی(that , which , who , …) جمله را بیان کرد. اما اگر در قضیه وصفی فعل جمله ، فعل دیگری به جز مشتقات to be باشد امکان حذف فعل وجود ندارد. در این صورت ضمیر موصولی ( مانند that , which , who…) حذف می شود و فعل جمله به صورت Ing دار نوشته می شود.
اکنون با آوردن مثال در مورد نکات دستوری بالا توضیح بیشتری داده می شود.
مثال

 :
Heat which is trapped in the atmosphere causes the earth to get warmer.
which is trapped in the atmosphere:adjective clause
Heat trapped in the atmoshper causes the earth to get warmer.
trapped in the atmoshper:Adjective phrase
در عبارت وصفی کوتاه شده ضمیر موصولی which و فعل جمله که از مشتقات فعل to be می باشد یعنی is حذف شده است.
All over the world, there are people who pollute the land, the sea, and the air.
who pollute the land, the sea, and the air:adjective clause
All over the world, there one people polluting the land, the sea, and the air.
polluting the land, the sea, and the air:Adjective phrase
ملاحظه می کنید که فعل این جمله از مشتقات to be نیست بلکه فعل آن pollute می باشد. برای کوتاه کردن این قضیه وصفی به عبارت وصفی ضمیر موصولی who حذف شده است و فعل به صورت Ing دار یعنی polluting نوشته شده است و یا به عبارت دیگر
who pollute = polluting

نقش جمله

۱ – یکی از نقش های جمله (Defining = تعریف کردن – بیان مفهوم) می باشد. در این حالت نویسنده می خواهد که مفهوم چیزی را بیان کند تا خواننده بهتر متوجه آن مطلب شود. مانند
Climate is the average of a regions weather over a period of time.
آب و هوا یعنی میانگین هوای یک منطقه در طی یک دوره زمان.
۲ – از دیگر نقش های جمله می توان به (speculatin = حدس زدن) اشاره کرد. وقتی که شما اطلاعات کافی در مورد مطلبی ندارید می توانید در مورد آن حدس بزنید. در این گونه جملات اغلب از کلمات احتمال مانند:
(may= ممکن بودن)
(probably= احتمالاً)
(possibly= ممکن بودن ، احتمالاً)
(can = توانستن)
(maybe = شاید)
(perhaps = شاید) استفاده می شود.
The earth could get warmer by itself.
زمین امکان دارد خودش خود به خود گرم تر شود.
تمرین :
پاسخ صحیح را از میان گزینه ها انتخاب کنید.
۱٫In some contries , people ….. trash are punished.
1) produce
2) produced
3) produces
4) producing

2. The photographs …….of the Earth were wonder full.
1) take
2) took
3) taken
4) taking

3. factories ……..cool and oil are a danger to the environment.
1) to burn
2) burning
3) burn
4) burned

4. You don’t have to be …………about the baby. I can take care of him.
1) concentrated
2) increased
3) confident
4) concerned

5. By …. Glass, paper and metal , we can save materials , enegy , and money.
1) recycling
2) polluting
3)producing
4) concerning

6.Factories……. air pollution must be closed or controlled.
1) cause
2) causes
3) caused
4) cousing

7.The air water, or land in which living things live is called……..
۱) environment
2) pollution
3) atmosphere
4) weather

8. Many greenhouse gases coming from things we do everyday … energy in the atmosphere and make the Earth warmer.
1) produce
2) trap
3) recycle
4) decrease

9………is the average of a regions weather over period of time.
1) environment
2) atmosphere
3) climate
4) pollution

10. Many types of plants and animals are in danger of ………because human beings pollute their environments.
1) organization
2) extinction
3) civilization
4) distraction

پاسخ:

 

 

 

کلمات
ربطی در جمله واره های قیدی زمان، دلیل، … .

1- کلمه ی ربطی when

A: اشاره به دو عمل ( کار) همزمان

1. Ali was
eatingwhenthe doorbell rang.

2. When
my friend arrived, I was doing my homework.

3. I met himwhenhe was living in
London.

4. Whenyou do aerobic exercise, your
heart becomes a bit bigger.

B: اشاره به دو عمل ( کار) غیر همزمان ( به
ویژه دو عمل پشت سر هم)؛ به عبارت دیگر بین دو عمل فاصله ی زمانی و تقدم و تاخر
مطرح می باشد.

1. Whenthe lift stops, the doors open.

2. I got home They leftwhen.

3. They had leftwhenI got home.

4.

WhenI arrive
home, I usually take a bath.

2- کلمه ی ربطی because :
برای ارائه دلیل انجام کار استفاده می شود.

1. I couldn’t drive homebecauseI felt
very sleepy.

2. He failed
the testbecausehe hadn’t prepared well.

نکته: عبارت because of
نیز برای ارائه دلیل انجام کار استفاده می شود، ولی با این تفاوت که بعد از آن از
اسم ( یا عبارت اسمی) به کار می رود.

We couldn’t attend the meeting on timebecause
it was snowing heavily.

We couldn’t attend the meeting on timebecause ofthe
snow.

3- کلمه ی ربطی since

A: در عبارات یا جمله های زمان که نقطه ی شروع
کار را بیان می کند و معمولا در زمان ماضی نقلی ( حال کامل)
استفاده می شود. ( مبدا زمان since + )

1. He has been
in our employmentsince 1998.

2. I haven’t
seen my classmatessinceI left school.

B: در جمله واره های قیدی برای ارائه دلیل
اینکه چرا کاری اتفاق افتاده و یا چرا کسی کاری انجام داده است.

1. We felt very tiredsince/ because
we had done a lot of exercise.

2. Since/
Becauseyou don’t know the answer, perhaps we should ask some one else.

3. We sold our carsince/ because
we had a lot of problems with it.

نکته: کلمات since
و because در مورد دوم یک
نقش و یک معنی دارند، ولی در موقعیت های رسمی بیشتر از since استفاده می شود.

4-


کلمه
ی ربطی while : برای بیان
مفهوم همزمانی دو عمل

( کاری که در حین انجام آن کار دیگر انجام شود) استفاده می شود.

1. I saw himwhile/
whenhe was crossing the street.

2. I learned to
speak Englishwhile/ whenI was in London.

3. I noticed a police carwhile/ when
I was walking down the street.

 

5- کلمه ی ربطی as

A -(TIME) : در جمله هایی که اشاره به زمان انجام
کار دارد؛ ولی فقط در مورد دو عمل که به صورت همزمان روی می دهد.

1. I saw an accident
as/ when/ whileI was driving home.

2. I ran into
one of my old friendsas/ when/ whileI was waling in the
park.

3. As/ When/ Whilehe was
getting off the bus, he slipped and injured his leg.

B -(REASON) : در جمله هایی که دلیل انجام کار بیان
می شود.

1. He can get there easilyas/ since/
becausehe has a car.

2. He felt very
tiredas/ since/ becausehe had worked all day long.

3. As/ Since/ BecauseI was
too hungry, I stopped to buy a sandwich.

4. As/ Since/ BecauseI was
getting fat, I decided to lose some weight.

C (PROPORTION)-
: در جمله هایی که بیان کننده ی تناسب بین دو عمل که به موازات هم انجام می
شوند. در این گونه جملات معمولا یک صفت تفضیلی ( -er یا more
) وجود دارد. در معنی از “ به هر اندازه” ، “ هر چه که”
و یا “ به هر نسبت” استفاده کنید.

1.



Asit grew
darker, it became colder. (هر چه هوا تاریک تر می شد، سردتر می شد.)

2. We got more
tiredaswe climbed the hill. (هر چه از تپه بالاتر می رفتیم، خسته تر می
شدیم.)

3. Ashe grew older, he developed
stronger muscles.

4. The noise became more irritatingas
the wind rose.

D: در بعضی از جملات as به معنی “همانگونه که” یا “همانطور
که” استفاده می شود.

1. Asyou know, exercise keeps us
healthy.

2. He is a good
singerashis father used to be.

E: در بعضی از جملات as برای نشان دادن برابری و همپایگی در مقایسه به کار می رود.

1. The car isasexpensiveasthe
house.

2. Ali can type
asquicklyasMary can.

F: در بعضی از جملات as به عنوان حرف اضافه قبل از اسم و به
معنی “ به عنوان” استفاده می شود.

1. She has been working hereasa
secretary since 1998.

2. Asa
teacher, you need to express the ideas very clearly.

6-


کلمه
ی ربطی whether …… or……
: این ساختار زمانی استفاده می شود که بیان می کند نه شرط اول و نه شرط دوم
هیچکدام مهم نیستند؛ شرط هرچه باشد نتیجه یکی خواهد بود. در معنی از “ چه
……
چه ……”
، “خواه ……
خواه ……”
و یا “ یا ……
یا ……”
استفاده کنید.

1. I will gowhetheryou come with meor
stay at home.

2. I will call
the doctorwhetheryou like itornot.

3. You’ll have to paywhetheryou wantor
not.

نکته: می توان از این ساختار به صورت whether or not نیز استفاده کرد.

1. I couldn’t decidewhether or notto
accept that job offer.

2.

I don’t knowwhether or notI’ve done it
correctly.

نکات کلی

نکته 1: در جملاتی که تعمیم دادن یک وضعیت
زمانی یعنی کاری که معمولا رخ می دهد و معنای “ هر وقت که ...” یا “ هر بار
که …”
برداشت می شود، از when
استفاده می شود نه از as.

1. I still feel
tiredwhen (whenever) I wake up.

2. When
(Whenever) I see him, he doesn’t say hello.

نکته 2: برای بیان یک دوره ی زمانی در گذشته
از when استفاده می شود.

1. Whenhe was a child, he started
playing the piano.

2. She joined
the basketball teamwhenshe was 18.

نکته 3:‌ اگر کلمه ی just ( درست) قبل از ربط دهنده ی زمانی به کار
رفته باشد، از as یا when استفاده می شود؛ هرگز از while استفاده نکنید.

1. The accident happenedjust aswe left
the shopping center.

2. I got therejust
ashe was dying.

نکته 4: کلمه ی ربطی as‌ می تواند به دوعمل کوتاه مدت که به صورت
همزمان با هم انجام شده اند، اشاره کند.

1. We looked at shop windowsaswe walked
in the street.

2. I watched
herasshe left

 

  IN THE NAME OF GOD  

جملات وابسته

 جملات وابسته ﻴا جمله واره های موصولی  

١.جملات وابسته اسمی        (Noun clause   )

 ٢.جملات وابسته توصیفی (Adjective Clause/ Relative Clauses )

 ٣.جملات وابسته قیدی          (Adverb Clause )  

 ١.جملات وابسته اسمی (Noun clause   )

جملات وابسته اسمی جانشین اسم در جمله بوده  و بنابر اﻴن هر جا اسم بکار رود از عبارت اسمی هم میتوان استفاده کرد.(توجه: حملات وابسته اسمی در جواب سوال : چه چیزی (را) (what) و معولا به جای مفعول بکار می روند  .

 1.I know the answer .                  

   میدانم  چه جیزی را؟ جواب  این جمله یک اسم میباشد :answer   (جواب را )  

2. I guess (that) he is very clever

حدس میزنم : چه جیزی را ؟                                                             

   3.I know where he is going .       

    میدانم  چه جیزی را ؟(که او کجا میرود) . در این جمله ها  مفعولیک جمله  میباشد  و چون به جای اسم نوشته شده لذا جمله وابسته اسمی میباشد .

   4.His destination is a secret   

چه چیزی راز است؟   جواب یک اسم است . ( مقصدش    )    

۵.Where he is going is a secret  

              چه چیزی یک راز است؟   جایی که میرود : یک جمله به جای اسم  

در جمله ۵ یک کلمه (اسم )جواب این سوال است (چه چیزی راز است؟( His destination    )

در جمله ۶ به جای یک کلمه یک جمله جواب سوال است .پس به این دلیل حمله اسمی میگویند که به جای یک اسم یک جمله آمده است (Where he is going )برای همین به این جمله ها میگویند وابسته اسمی .چون به جای اسم یک جمله آمده است .

( ( معمولا بعد از افعال :

 see,remember,guess,hear,ask,say, explain,umdestand,say,tell,…….  

 مفعول صریح نوشته میشود و بنابر این جمله وابسته اسمی که بدنبال این افعال نوشته میشوند جمله اسمی میباشند.

 6.He says ( that) they will come here tomorrow. 

7.She told me where Jack had gone جمله وابسته اسمی                                                                                      

    ٢.جملات وابسته  توصیفی(Adjective  Clause   )

جملات وابسته توصیفی برای توصیف اسم بکار رفته و بعد از اسمی که توصیف میشود  نوشته میشوند.این جملات در جواب این سوال :کدام ......؟بکار میرود.

۸. The woman is a doctor.She lives next door            

۹.The woman   she lives  next door    is a doctor.

 10.The woman  who lives  next door    is a  doctor  

                         ( جمله وابسته توصیفی)

 در این جمله who  ضمیر موصولی بوده و   جانشین she   میباشد  و woman را توصیف میکند.                                          

     ١.  ضمایر موصولی :

who,whom,whose,which,that کلمات ربطی برای توصیف اسم :                                          

٢.   قیود موصولی:

کلمات ربطی وابسته :when,where,why  

 11.The man who came here yesterday is my teacher.

12.a.The boy whom I talked to very quietly was studying in the library. (Whom is more formal than who.)

 12.b. The boy  I talked to very quietly was studying in the library   

13.a. The students who  studied hard  passed the exam.

13.b. The students that  studied hard  passed the exam.

14.a. The car which  I bought yesterday is missing.

 14.b. The car  I bought yesterday is missing.

 15.That is the man whose daughter won the prize.

16.The car the colour of which is blue belongs to my motther.(of which =whose)

 *در شماره ١١--١٣  نمیتوان کلمه موصولی را حذف کرد ولی در شماره های -١٢ و١٤ میتوان کلمه ربطی را حذف کرد.چرا؟

**حذف ضمیر موصولی:  برای حذف ضمیر موصولی باید بدانیم که:   جملات وابسته توصیفی  دو نوع میباشند:

۱.  جمله وابسته  توصیفی فاعلی       

٢. جمله وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی

جمله وابسته توصیفی  فاعلی و مفعولی را میتوان براحتی از کلمه ای که بعد از ضمیر موصولی امده تشخیص داد .اگر بعد از ضمیر موصولی   اسم یا ضمیر نوشته شود پس جمله وابسته توصیفی مفعولی میباشد و میتوان ضمیر موصولی را حذف کرد.(در جمله وابسته مفعولی)

17.a. The boy whom  I  talked to very quietly was studying in the library. 17.b.The boy I talked to very quietly was studying in the library.

  این جمله وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی میباشد - چون  بعد از ضمیر موصولی    whom     فاعل (I )  نوشته شده است پس میتوان whom     را حذف کرد .

۱۸.a. The boy who sits in the back seldom speaks.   

                                                            جمله وابسته توصیفی فاعلی -

چون  بعد از ضمیر موصولی ( who  )  فعل   (lives  ) نوشته شده است  و نمیتوان ضمیر را حذف کرد. 

   جمله :  The woman  * lives  next door    is a doctor.  صحیخ نیست .  چون   در  توصیفی فاعلی نمیتوان ضمیر را حذف کرد مگر اینکه :    

 ***بعد از ضمیر موصولی  فعل  to be    باشد که در این صورت هم فعل   be  و هم ضمیر حذف میشود. 19

۱۹..aThe children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum. 

                                                    ضمیر موصولی who  و فعل  to be     

 19.b.The children on the bus are going to visit the museum

20.a.The man who is writing the letter is my uncle .

20. b.The man writing the letter is my uncle

 Q:The  student ………….on the corner is looking for a taxi.   

  a.who standing        b.is standing          c.stands             d.standing

 درگزینه  a   فعل be حذف شده ولی ضمیر (who )حذف نشده (یا هر دو  یا هیچکدام ) در b   ضمیر حذف شده ولی be   نشده.در c  که توصیفی فاعلی میباشد نمیتوان ضمیر را حذف کرد . (به مبحث  Adjective Phrase     :عبارت وصفی    مراجعه شود.) 

  That **  به جای ضمیر موصولی  who,which , whom   

 در جملات وابسته توصیفی میتوان به جای ضمیر موصولی از  That  نیز استفاده کرد.

 21.a. The man  whom  you saw yesterday is my father. (Whom is more formal than who.)

21.b. The man who you saw yesterday is my father.

21.c. The man  that   you  saw yesterday is my father.

21.d. The man    you  saw yesterday is my father.       

 

 22.a.The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum. 

  22.b.The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum. 

  22.c .The children on the bus are going to visit the museum.

 ۱.جملات توصیفی غیر ضروری (non-essential/non defining   )

**برخی از   جملات وابسته توصيفی  هستند که نمیتوان به جای ضمیر موصولی از that   استفاده کرد.این جملات توصیفی  (non-essential/non defining  )   یا غیر ضروری بوده و  اطلاعات اضافی  را در مورد اسم قبل از خود میدهند وتاثیری بر شناسایی اسم قبل از خود ندارد.و بین کاما توشته   میشوند.

   23.My brother ,Jim, whom you you have seen before ,is a dentist

                                 جمله وابسته توصیفی غیر ضروری

24.The boy, who sits in the back, is the only male student.

 25.That's my father, whom I love. (whom cannot be omitted)  

 ** در  این جمله ها  نه میتوان ضمیر موصولی را حذف کرد و نه میتوان به جای ان ازThat   استفاده کرد(non-essential )

 ٢.جملات توصیفی ضروری (essential defining /    که بعد از اسم نوشته ميشوند اطلاعاتی را در مورد اسم قبل از خود میدهند  و وجود ا ین جملات در جمله ضروری ميباشد.

 26.a.The boy who sits in the back seldom speaks.(essential )

 26.b.The boy that sits in the back seldom speaks

26.c.The boy, who sits in the back, is the only male student.(non – essential) 27.a.The car which / that I bought yesterday is missing. (the receiver needs to know which car)

27.b. My new car, which I bought yesterday, is missing.

 **That  فقط دز جملات توصیفی ضروری نوشته میشود که میتوان ان را حذف نیز کرد.

 28.William C. Buckhoff,_____________________ , lives in North Dakota.

 a.  who is my father                           b.  is my father 

c.  that is my father                            d.which is my father

چون nondefining میباشد گزینه c  درست نیست یعنی به جای who نمیتوان از that  استفاده کرد .

***Which: can be used in a NON-restrictive/defining  clause to modify an entire proposition

Which  در وابسته های غیر ضروری به کل جمله نیز اشاره میکند.

 29.The car was  not running,__________________________ .

a.   that surprised  the mechanic                c.  which surprised  the mechanic b.  who surprised  the mechanic                  d.  surprised  the mechanic

***Sometimes an essential clause can be replaced with an adjective. A writer must decide which construction is most effective.

30.An editor who is talented respects the author’s style. 

 30.a.A talented editor respects the author’s style.

***کاربردهای دیگر that

١.در صفات عالی به جای which

31.This is the most interesting book that I have read (not which )

 ٢.در اعداد ترتیبی

۳۲.This is the second time that I make a mistake 

٣.با  all,no,none,only,much,few,little

33.All that you say is true .(not all what)

 34.When you buy a book ,do you bye the one that makes you laugh.

 ***ضمایر موصولی و  حرف اضافه .

 

۳۵.The boy was studying in the library. I talked to him very quietly.

36.aThe boy to whom I talked very quietly was studying in the library.)

36.b.The boy whom I talked to very quietly was studying in the library

36.c.*The boy who I talked to very quietly was studying in the library

36.d.*The boy that I talked to very quietly was studying in the library

 37.*The boy I talked to very quietly was studying in the library 

  ** افعالی که حرف اضافه دارند میتوان حرف اضافه را قبل از ضمیر موصولی نیز نوشت.

اگر  به جای whom   از who   و that   استفا ده کنیم حرف اضافه باید به همراه فعل نوشته شود و از ضمیر جدا شود . to that  وto  who     صحیح نمیباشد. ( 28-29(  و اگر ضمیرموصولی  حذف شود حرف اضافه در اخر نوشته میشود.  

 38.The  church where my grandparents were married is old.

38.a.The church in which my grandparents were married is old.

38.b. The church which my grandparents were married in is old.

38.c. The church that my grandparents were married in is old.

38.d. The church my grandparents were married in is old.  

 Q:  1.Which sentence is not righ?

1.The research paper on which David is working must be finished by Friday 2.The research paper that  David is working on  must be finished by Friday 3.The research paper  which David is working on  must be finished by Friday 4.The research paper on that  David is working must be finished by Friday 

   

***Adjective phrases  (عبارات وصفی  )

 (The reduced form of adjective clauses)   جملات وابسته  توصیفی  را میتوان به صورت عبارات وصفی نیز نوشت   .

نحوه تبدیل جملات وابسته  توصیفی به عبارات وصفی: 

  الف:  جملات توصیفی فاعلی:

همانطور که  قبلا گفته شد  جملات وابسته توصیفی فاعلی  جملاتی هستند که بعد از ضمیر موصولی فعل نوشته شده است و جمله وابسته  فاعل جمله را توصیف میکند و باز گفته شد درجلات و ابسته فاعلی نمیتوان ضمیر موصولی را حذف کرد مگر اینکه :

۱ .بعد از ضمیر موصولی فعل to be  باشد که در این صورت هم ضمیر موصولی و هم  be  حذف میشود.

۳۹.aThe money which was  lying on the table was mine.(clause) 

  39.b The money lying on the table was mine.(phrase)

 ٢.ضمیر موصولی فاعلی را حذف و فعل را به صورت ( present participle )) ( v+ing  )) نوشت   .

۴۰.a.In some countries ,people who produce trash are  punished.

 40.b.In some countries ,people  producing trash are  punished.  

41.aThe money which lay on the table was mine 

 41.bThe money lying on the table was mine  

 Q:I read an article ( describing-described- was describing –what described )the early history of country  

***If  the verb is the main verb have, replace it with the preposition with (instead of changing the verb to having):

 اگر در clause  فعل اصلی have   باشد میتوان بجای having   از حرف اضافه with  استفاده کرد

۴۲..A man who has a lot of money isn't necessarily happy.

42.b. A man with a lot of money isn't necessarily happy.

   ب:  جملات وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی( مجهول)    

جملات وابسته توصیفی مجهول نیز اسم قبل از خود را توصیف میکنند ولی چون این اسم مفعول  جمله میباشد لذا جمله وابسته توصیفی  به صورت مجهول نوشته میشود. نحوه تبدیل جملات وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی (مجهول) به عبارات وصفی: برای تبدیل  جملات توصیفی مجهول به عبارت وصفی ضمیر موصولی و e   حذف و فعل که به صورت  pastparticiple   (اسم مفعول )میباشد هیچ تغییری نمیکند.

۴3.a.The money  that had been  placed on the table was mine.

43.b.The money  placed on the table was mine.

44.a.The chair that is made out of wood is new

45.b.The chair made out of wood is new.  

 ***Clauses (defining or nondefining/essential or non –essential ) in which who, which, or that is the SUBJECT can be reduced to phrases.  

 هم جملات وایسته ضروری و هم غیر ضروری )هر دو را )را میتوان به صورت phrase   نوشت.

46.My chair, which is made out of wood, is new

47. My chair, made out of wood, is new.

 ***JUST BECAUSE YOU CAN reduce a clause to a phrase DOESN'T MEAN YOU SHOULD!:

      Notice that when you reduce a clause to a phrase, you LOSE the verb or the part of the verb that indicates the TIME. (Present participles are NOT "present"; past parciples are not "past.") If the time referred to will not be obvious from the rest of the sentence, it would not be a good idea to reduce the clause to a phrase! Think about how strange this sentences would be if you reduced the adjective clause to an adjective phrase!: The man who built the bridge is dead.

 

 

ربط دهنده ها : when ,as,while,whether ,if,since

When:1.

.۱.برای بیان ۲ عمل متوالی (پشت سر هم با فاصله کوتاه

.When I opened the window ,the cat jumped out

.(دو عمل بدنبال یکدیگر)

در این جمله When به معنی "به محض اینکه میباشد و به جای آن میتوان از as نیز استفاده کرد

۲.برای بیان ۲ عمل همزمان (عمل کوتاه با when

.She was in the other room when the phone rang.

(عمل همزمان)

WhenI got home ,they were watching TV

=(عمل کوتاه با when

۳.بیان واقعیت /تکرار عملی /عادت /دوره زمانی

I become happy when(ever) I meet my family .( تکرار =عادت )

4. I learned English when (=While) I was in London .(دوره زمانی )

5.When I get home ,I will call you .(……)

7.When I got home ,they were watching TV.(……)

8. When (ever)you exercise ,your body uses the extra fuel.(….)

9. When I left home ,I remembered I didn’t have any keys (......) 

10.I lost my father when I was 12 years old .(…)

10.1.When she pressed the button ,the lift stopped.(press :not continuous )

10.2.When the TV star arrives ,there will be a big crowd .( arrive: not continuous)

AS :Different uses of "as":کاربردهای

11. He speaks English as fluently as a native speaker.(تساوی )

12. As I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .(وقتی که /به محض اینکه )

13. As long as he continues telling lie,nobody will help him .(اگر-شرطی)

14. As I mentioned ,tomorrow the schools will remain closed(همانطور که )

15. As I was fixing my car ,my wife was setting the table (عمل همزمان )

16.I will do it as you tell me. (همانطور که )

17.As you become older ,you become less willing to change your ideas .(نسبت :هر چقدر سن بره بالا -)در نسبت معمولا جمله بصورت تفضیلی نوشته میشود

18. As Linda is the oldest child ,she has to look after the children(چون )

19.Send me some money as soon as you can .(=When )

20.She is as quiet as a mouse .(تساوی :به آرامی یک موش )

21. As I pointed , tomorrow the schools will remain closed

22.She treats me as if she hated me (unreal things -غیر واقعی)

معنی جمله :طوری رفتار میکرد که انگار از من بدش میاد .

23.It looks as if the weather is improving.(may happen )

24.A:The food is good .B:Yes,the prices are reasonable,as well .(همینطور/علاوه بر این )

As = While .1.بيان دو عمل همزمان (به معني همزماني : در حالي كه )

While I was fixing my car ,my wife was setting the table .

AsI was fixing my car ,my wife was setting the table .

WhileI was in London ,I learned a lot about computer science .

2. (As )بيان دو عمل كه بدنبال يكديكر انجام شده است .در اين صورت از WHEN نيز ميتوان استفاده كرد (( در معنی وقتی یا به محض اینکه ))

AsI completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .

= When I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office

3. (As =since=because)دليل -reason :

As Linda is the oldest child ,(so)she has to look after the children .

=Since Linda is the oldest child ,she has to look after the children

I couldn’t wait for him because I was in a hurry .

SinceI was in a hurry ,I couldn’t wait for him.

Becausethe weather was cold ,we had to stay at home .

= Because of the cold weather ,we had to stay at home .

4.As (نسبت :proportion )

Asit grows darker ,it becomes colder.(در نسبت صفت تفضیلی)

Since :(time/reason )" :"چون "و "از زمانی که

I haven’t seen him since I moved here .

Whether /if/unless/provided that .. (شرطي)

I will go to work if I feel better .

I will go to work if I feel better or not .

I will go to work whether I feel better or not .

I will go to work whether or not I feel better .

**I will go to work if or not I feel better .(wrong /why?)جمله به این شکل درست نیست

You can't buy this car unless you have enough money .unless means =if ....................... not

You can't buy this car if you have not enough money

 

Some points :

 

WhenI left home ,I remembered I didn’t have any keys(( از خانه خارج شده بعد بخاطرآورده

AsI left home ,I remembered I didn’t have any keys .(( در حاليكه از خانه خارج مي شده بخاطرآورده

.=While I was leaving home , I remembered I didn’t have any keys.

. As I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .

=When I completed my project ,I sent it to my professor's office .As I didn’t study , I failed (why)

As I was getting off the bus , I fell down.(when )

My brother has a headache when he watches TV.(whenever)

When =While=As we were driving through the forest ,we saw a strange animal .(when as your last choice

We were all pleased when she passed the exam .( not continuous )

They sang as they walked .(continuous :ماهيتا استمراري )

As prices rise ,(so )the demand of higher wages will increase .(چون )

We got to the station late because the traffic was heavy .

We got to the station late because of the heavy traffic

بعد ازbecauseof اسم و یا فعل با ing

We got to the station late due to heavy traffic .= because of

While /As I was climbing the mountain ,I lost my control and fell down .

When I got to the station ,the train had left .

As a student he had known great poverty .(when he was a student )وقتی =As

As a student he get in for a half price .(since he was a student)چون =As

Choose the best answer                     :گزینه صحیح را انتخاب کنید

1.The doorbell rang …...we were having lunch .

(when /since/whereas/so that )

2.She 's been waiting for Jack's letter …….he left her six months ago.

(when/while/as/since)

3……..I want to open this door ,it produces a noise .

(as /when /since/whereas)

4.She came and asked me ….… I really wanted to leave .

(whether/since/while/where)

5.She had an accident ……..she was crossing the street .

(since /when/whether/ever since)

6.The last time I went to shiraz was in Tir …..the weather was hot .

(as/ whether/since/when)

7.His parents died ……he was only a boy of 12.

(sice/as/when/because)

8.I always felt lonely ..….having very few friends to go out with .

(since/as/because of /when )

9.He left his hometown and has not returned there ….

(since then =ever since /from then /till then )

10…...moving to a warmer places ,I had had no trouble with my asthma .

(as/when/since/while)

11.Just …... I was taking the photograph ,sb walked in front of the camera .

(so /as/since/until)

12.When I visited the musume ,I felt ….I had returned to past times .

(as long as /as soon as /as if )

13.I saw an accident ….I was walking home .

(when /because /since/as)

14…..I was too hungry ,I stopped to buy a sandwich .

(when /while /as /whether)

15.In the 12 months …..I wrote to you ,a lot has happened to me .

(as/whether/when/since)

16.She asked me ..….she was coming .

(as/since/so/ whether)

17.Leave things ..…they are until the police arrives .

(when /as/since/whether)

18.I learned to speak English …I was in South America last year .

(while/then/since/whether)

19.I can still remember the day ……we met each other .

(while/as/when/whereas)

20.It is thought that the present generation has never worked …..the former one .

(as hardly as /as harder as /as hard as /as hard like )

21…..when haven’t you seen him ?

(as/long/when/while)

22.They have reconstructed a lot of houses in Bam ….they started their work .

(while/since/when/as)

23…… she finished her work ,she could move home .(

because of /while/when /during )

24……..her politeness and beauty she was admired by everyone .

(because/as/because of /since)

25.She didn’t know ……..her father let her go to picnic with her friends.

(whether /while /because /however)

26.I like to keep fit ,so I go swimming as ….as I can .

(if/long/soon/often)

Abedinzadeh

 

 

 1-After long wakefulness we are made angry, often confused and even mentally disturbed for this reason after long wakefulness we should not…….

1) relax                         2) drive                         3) drink        4) rest

  2- A terrible earthquake occurred in Tabas in 1356. According to the above sentence the earthquake happened……..

1)in the late 50’s     2) a century ago     3) in the early 50’s      4) in the 13th century

 3-The future of the country was very important to the president. Therefore, he encouraged people to think about their country first and their own interests second. According to the above sentences………

1)                we should prefer the nation’s interests to ours.

2)                the president was thinking only about his own interests

3)                the future of the country depended on our second interests.

4)                the president was more important than the future of the country.

   4-One will hardly enjoy a trip to England unless he knows English well.

1)By taking a trip to England, one will certainly learn English well.

2)                Without knowing English well, one won’t enjoy a trip to England.

3)                One will enjoy a trip to England, without knowing English well.

4)                Without taking a trip to England, one will enjoy knowing English well.

   5- How did you go to school?

1) At eight                    2) on foot             3) to study                     4) very late

 

براي هر يك از جاهاي خالي در متن زير (شماره‌هاي 6 تا 10 ) گزينه صحيح را انتخاب كنيد.

Sport and games are very useful for many purposes. They make our bodies strong and ..6.. us from getting too fat, and keep us ….7.. But these are not their only ..8.. . They give us valuable ..9.. in making eyes, brain , and muscle ..10… together. So sports should not be treated only as amusements.

 6- 1) avoid                      2) award                3) prevent            4) protect

7-1) aware                     2) healthy                  3)safe               4) worthy

   8- 1) causes                   2) exercises                3) reasons           4) uses

  9- 1)activity                    2)condition              3) desire               4) practice

 10- 1) fill                        2) help               3) work                         4) view

 

با توجه به متن زير پاسخ سوالهاي 11 تا 14 را انتخاب كنيد.

Some people think that sport and games are not important things to do. They prefer going to the cinema, listening to the radio or sleeping. But sports and games should not be considered just an amusement, they are very necessary specially for those who work with their brains. Sports and games make our bodies strong, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. But these are not their only uses, they are very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls learn about the usefulness of working together discipline and love of one’s country, but what is learn in books can not have the same deep effect on a child’s character as what is learned by experience. A student who learns to work for his team and not for himself on a football field will find it natural to work for the good of his country instead of only his own advantage.

 11-According to the passage playing sports and games is …..for people who work with their brains.

1) an amusement                                   2) not important

3) waste of time                                         4) very necessary

 12- Those who do sports and games are usually…..than other people.

1) fatter and taller                                  2) stronger and healthier

3) thinner and weaker                            4) younger and happier

n                   13- In order to educate children better and more efficiently they……

1)                should hate playing games and sports

2)                should only study their lessons at school

3)                shouldn’t be prevented from playing

4)                shouldn’t be prevented from any amusement

n                   14-What a student learns by experience when playing a game…..

1)                doesn’t have any effect on his character

2)                is more important than what he learns in books.

3)                is less important than what he learns in books.

4)                may have bad effect on his character.

 

براي هر يك از جاهاي خالي در متن زير كدام گزينه‌ از شماره‌هاي 15 تا 19 صحيح است؟

The art of conversation and the habit of reading and writing are dying. People are ..15.. more and more lookers and ..16.. and less doers and talkers. This can only..17.. the individual. It is ..18.. to do something not very well oneself ..19.. always to sit and watch others doing it.

 15- 1) becoming         2) believing              3) amusing               4) enjoying

 16- 1) translators            2) writers               3) listeners               4) readers

17- 1) hurt                                  2) hire               3) hold              4) hope

 18- 1) best                 2) better        3) worse                       4) worthy

 19- 1) then         2) from                         3) than              4) of

با توجه به متن زير پاسخ سوالهاي 20 تا 23 را انتخاب كنيد.

In the winter of 1972 an airplane hit the side of a mountain in Switzerland at a 2:00 in the morning. The people in the nearby town thought somebody was still alive because they could see a small fire through their binoculars so when the sun  came up in the morning the men in the town began to climb up the mountain. Not all men were good climbers. Some didn’t have climbing boots and couldn’t climb easily on the icy part of the mountain others didn’t have heavy gloves so they returned to the town.

From the town the people  could not see the fire anymore because the mountain was now behind heavy snow clouds. Soon it began to snow heavily in the town and the women began to worry about the men on the mountain. The men finally got to the top of the mountain and found the pilot of the plane. He had a broken leg and was sitting beside the fire, waiting for help to come.

 20- It’s understood from the passage that it was .…when the airplane hit the mountain.

1) cloudy           2) dark              3) snowy                       3) sunny

 21- When the men climbed to the top of the mountain, they found the pilot…….. .

1) alive                    2) asleep              3) dying                        3) dead

   22- The people couldn’t have saved the pilot of the airplane if he hadn’t ……..

1) broken his leg            2) been waiting 3) been awake              3) built a fire

  23- The men climbed up the mountain as soon as……….

1) snowy clouds covered the mountain    2) some of the climbers returned to the town

3) the sun rose and the day began           4) the women in the town began to worry

  24- A: You have given me the wrong change.

      B: ………

1) I’m awfully sorry.                              2) Here you are.

3) That’s all right.                                  4) You’re welcome.

  25- A: How often do you visit your uncle?

       B: …..

1)Three times a week.                           2) Yesterday evening.

3) At half past seven.                            4) Because he’s sick.

 

 

 

جملات وابسته ﻴا جمله واره های موصولی

  IN THE NAME OF GOD  

جملات وابسته

 جملات وابسته ﻴا جمله واره های موصولی  

١.جملات وابسته اسمی        (Noun clause   )

 ٢.جملات وابسته توصیفی (Adjective Clause/ Relative Clauses )

 ٣.جملات وابسته قیدی          (Adverb Clause )  

 ١.جملات وابسته اسمی (Noun clause   )

جملات وابسته اسمی جانشین اسم در جمله بوده  و بنابر اﻴن هر جا اسم بکار رود از عبارت اسمی هم میتوان استفاده کرد.(توجه: حملات وابسته اسمی در جواب سوال : چه چیزی (را) (what) و معولا به جای مفعول بکار می روند  .

 1.I know the answer .                  

   میدانم  چه جیزی را؟ جواب  این جمله یک اسم میباشد :answer   (جواب را )  

2. I guess (that) he is very clever

حدس میزنم : چه جیزی را ؟                                                             

   3.I know where he is going .       

    میدانم  چه جیزی را ؟(که او کجا میرود) . در این جمله ها  مفعولیک جمله  میباشد  و چون به جای اسم نوشته شده لذا جمله وابسته اسمی میباشد .

   4.His destination is a secret   

چه چیزی راز است؟   جواب یک اسم است . ( مقصدش    )    

۵.Where he is going is a secret  

              چه چیزی یک راز است؟   جایی که میرود : یک جمله به جای اسم  

در جمله ۵ یک کلمه (اسم )جواب این سوال است (چه چیزی راز است؟( His destination    )

در جمله ۶ به جای یک کلمه یک جمله جواب سوال است .پس به این دلیل حمله اسمی میگویند که به جای یک اسم یک جمله آمده است (Where he is going )برای همین به این جمله ها میگویند وابسته اسمی .چون به جای اسم یک جمله آمده است .

( ( معمولا بعد از افعال :

 see,remember,guess,hear,ask,say, explain,umdestand,say,tell,…….  

 مفعول صریح نوشته میشود و بنابر این جمله وابسته اسمی که بدنبال این افعال نوشته میشوند جمله اسمی میباشند.

 6.He says ( that) they will come here tomorrow. 

7.She told me where Jack had gone جمله وابسته اسمی                                                                                      

    ٢.جملات وابسته  توصیفی(Adjective  Clause   )

جملات وابسته توصیفی برای توصیف اسم بکار رفته و بعد از اسمی که توصیف میشود  نوشته میشوند.این جملات در جواب این سوال :کدام ......؟بکار میرود.

۸. The woman is a doctor.She lives next door            

۹.The woman   she lives  next door    is a doctor.

 10.The woman  who lives  next door    is a  doctor  

                         ( جمله وابسته توصیفی)

 در این جمله who  ضمیر موصولی بوده و   جانشین she   میباشد  و woman را توصیف میکند.                                          

     ١.  ضمایر موصولی :

who,whom,whose,which,that کلمات ربطی برای توصیف اسم :                                          

٢.   قیود موصولی:

کلمات ربطی وابسته :when,where,why  

 11.The man who came here yesterday is my teacher.

12.a.The boy whom I talked to very quietly was studying in the library. (Whom is more formal than who.)

 12.b. The boy  I talked to very quietly was studying in the library   

13.a. The students who  studied hard  passed the exam.

13.b. The students that  studied hard  passed the exam.

14.a. The car which  I bought yesterday is missing.

 14.b. The car  I bought yesterday is missing.

 15.That is the man whose daughter won the prize.

16.The car the colour of which is blue belongs to my motther.(of which =whose)

 *در شماره ١١--١٣  نمیتوان کلمه موصولی را حذف کرد ولی در شماره های -١٢ و١٤ میتوان کلمه ربطی را حذف کرد.چرا؟

**حذف ضمیر موصولی:  برای حذف ضمیر موصولی باید بدانیم که:   جملات وابسته توصیفی  دو نوع میباشند:

۱.  جمله وابسته  توصیفی فاعلی       

٢. جمله وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی

جمله وابسته توصیفی  فاعلی و مفعولی را میتوان براحتی از کلمه ای که بعد از ضمیر موصولی امده تشخیص داد .اگر بعد از ضمیر موصولی   اسم یا ضمیر نوشته شود پس جمله وابسته توصیفی مفعولی میباشد و میتوان ضمیر موصولی را حذف کرد.(در جمله وابسته مفعولی)

17.a. The boy whom  I  talked to very quietly was studying in the library. 17.b.The boy I talked to very quietly was studying in the library.

  این جمله وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی میباشد - چون  بعد از ضمیر موصولی    whom     فاعل (I )  نوشته شده است پس میتوان whom     را حذف کرد .

۱۸.a. The boy who sits in the back seldom speaks.   

                                                            جمله وابسته توصیفی فاعلی -

چون  بعد از ضمیر موصولی ( who  )  فعل   (lives  ) نوشته شده است  و نمیتوان ضمیر را حذف کرد. 

   جمله :  The woman  * lives  next door    is a doctor.  صحیخ نیست .  چون   در  توصیفی فاعلی نمیتوان ضمیر را حذف کرد مگر اینکه :    

 ***بعد از ضمیر موصولی  فعل  to be    باشد که در این صورت هم فعل   be  و هم ضمیر حذف میشود. 19

۱۹..aThe children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum. 

                                                    ضمیر موصولی who  و فعل  to be     

 19.b.The children on the bus are going to visit the museum

20.a.The man who is writing the letter is my uncle .

20. b.The man writing the letter is my uncle

 Q:The  student ………….on the corner is looking for a taxi.   

  a.who standing        b.is standing          c.stands             d.standing

 درگزینه  a   فعل be حذف شده ولی ضمیر (who )حذف نشده (یا هر دو  یا هیچکدام ) در b   ضمیر حذف شده ولی be   نشده.در c  که توصیفی فاعلی میباشد نمیتوان ضمیر را حذف کرد . (به مبحث  Adjective Phrase     :عبارت وصفی    مراجعه شود.) 

  That **  به جای ضمیر موصولی  who,which , whom   

 در جملات وابسته توصیفی میتوان به جای ضمیر موصولی از  That  نیز استفاده کرد.

 21.a. The man  whom  you saw yesterday is my father. (Whom is more formal than who.)

21.b. The man who you saw yesterday is my father.

21.c. The man  that   you  saw yesterday is my father.

21.d. The man    you  saw yesterday is my father.       

 

 22.a.The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum. 

  22.b.The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum. 

  22.c .The children on the bus are going to visit the museum.

 ۱.جملات توصیفی غیر ضروری (non-essential/non defining   )

**برخی از   جملات وابسته توصيفی  هستند که نمیتوان به جای ضمیر موصولی از that   استفاده کرد.این جملات توصیفی  (non-essential/non defining  )   یا غیر ضروری بوده و  اطلاعات اضافی  را در مورد اسم قبل از خود میدهند وتاثیری بر شناسایی اسم قبل از خود ندارد.و بین کاما توشته   میشوند.

   23.My brother ,Jim, whom you you have seen before ,is a dentist

                                 جمله وابسته توصیفی غیر ضروری

24.The boy, who sits in the back, is the only male student.

 25.That's my father, whom I love. (whom cannot be omitted)  

 ** در  این جمله ها  نه میتوان ضمیر موصولی را حذف کرد و نه میتوان به جای ان ازThat   استفاده کرد(non-essential )

 ٢.جملات توصیفی ضروری (essential defining /    که بعد از اسم نوشته ميشوند اطلاعاتی را در مورد اسم قبل از خود میدهند  و وجود ا ین جملات در جمله ضروری ميباشد.

 26.a.The boy who sits in the back seldom speaks.(essential )

 26.b.The boy that sits in the back seldom speaks

26.c.The boy, who sits in the back, is the only male student.(non – essential) 27.a.The car which / that I bought yesterday is missing. (the receiver needs to know which car)

27.b. My new car, which I bought yesterday, is missing.

 **That  فقط دز جملات توصیفی ضروری نوشته میشود که میتوان ان را حذف نیز کرد.

 28.William C. Buckhoff,_____________________ , lives in North Dakota.

 a.  who is my father                           b.  is my father 

c.  that is my father                            d.which is my father

چون nondefining میباشد گزینه c  درست نیست یعنی به جای who نمیتوان از that  استفاده کرد .

***Which: can be used in a NON-restrictive/defining  clause to modify an entire proposition

Which  در وابسته های غیر ضروری به کل جمله نیز اشاره میکند.

 29.The car was  not running,__________________________ .

a.   that surprised  the mechanic                c.  which surprised  the mechanic b.  who surprised  the mechanic                  d.  surprised  the mechanic

***Sometimes an essential clause can be replaced with an adjective. A writer must decide which construction is most effective.

30.An editor who is talented respects the author’s style. 

 30.a.A talented editor respects the author’s style.

***کاربردهای دیگر that

١.در صفات عالی به جای which

31.This is the most interesting book that I have read (not which )

 ٢.در اعداد ترتیبی

۳۲.This is the second time that I make a mistake 

٣.با  all,no,none,only,much,few,little

33.All that you say is true .(not all what)

 34.When you buy a book ,do you bye the one that makes you laugh.

 ***ضمایر موصولی و  حرف اضافه .

 

۳۵.The boy was studying in the library. I talked to him very quietly.

36.aThe boy to whom I talked very quietly was studying in the library.)

36.b.The boy whom I talked to very quietly was studying in the library

36.c.*The boy who I talked to very quietly was studying in the library

36.d.*The boy that I talked to very quietly was studying in the library

 37.*The boy I talked to very quietly was studying in the library 

  ** افعالی که حرف اضافه دارند میتوان حرف اضافه را قبل از ضمیر موصولی نیز نوشت.

اگر  به جای whom   از who   و that   استفا ده کنیم حرف اضافه باید به همراه فعل نوشته شود و از ضمیر جدا شود . to that  وto  who     صحیح نمیباشد. ( 28-29(  و اگر ضمیرموصولی  حذف شود حرف اضافه در اخر نوشته میشود.  

 38.The  church where my grandparents were married is old.

38.a.The church in which my grandparents were married is old.

38.b. The church which my grandparents were married in is old.

38.c. The church that my grandparents were married in is old.

38.d. The church my grandparents were married in is old.  

 Q:  1.Which sentence is not righ?

1.The research paper on which David is working must be finished by Friday 2.The research paper that  David is working on  must be finished by Friday 3.The research paper  which David is working on  must be finished by Friday 4.The research paper on that  David is working must be finished by Friday 

   

***Adjective phrases  (عبارات وصفی  )

 (The reduced form of adjective clauses)   جملات وابسته  توصیفی  را میتوان به صورت عبارات وصفی نیز نوشت   .

نحوه تبدیل جملات وابسته  توصیفی به عبارات وصفی: 

  الف:  جملات توصیفی فاعلی:

همانطور که  قبلا گفته شد  جملات وابسته توصیفی فاعلی  جملاتی هستند که بعد از ضمیر موصولی فعل نوشته شده است و جمله وابسته  فاعل جمله را توصیف میکند و باز گفته شد درجلات و ابسته فاعلی نمیتوان ضمیر موصولی را حذف کرد مگر اینکه :

۱ .بعد از ضمیر موصولی فعل to be  باشد که در این صورت هم ضمیر موصولی و هم  be  حذف میشود.

۳۹.aThe money which was  lying on the table was mine.(clause) 

  39.b The money lying on the table was mine.(phrase)

 ٢.ضمیر موصولی فاعلی را حذف و فعل را به صورت ( present participle )) ( v+ing  )) نوشت   .

۴۰.a.In some countries ,people who produce trash are  punished.

 40.b.In some countries ,people  producing trash are  punished.  

41.aThe money which lay on the table was mine 

 41.bThe money lying on the table was mine  

 Q:I read an article ( describing-described- was describing –what described )the early history of country  

***If  the verb is the main verb have, replace it with the preposition with (instead of changing the verb to having):

 اگر در clause  فعل اصلی have   باشد میتوان بجای having   از حرف اضافه with  استفاده کرد

۴۲..A man who has a lot of money isn't necessarily happy.

42.b. A man with a lot of money isn't necessarily happy.

   ب:  جملات وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی( مجهول)    

جملات وابسته توصیفی مجهول نیز اسم قبل از خود را توصیف میکنند ولی چون این اسم مفعول  جمله میباشد لذا جمله وابسته توصیفی  به صورت مجهول نوشته میشود. نحوه تبدیل جملات وابسته  توصیفی مفعولی (مجهول) به عبارات وصفی: برای تبدیل  جملات توصیفی مجهول به عبارت وصفی ضمیر موصولی و e   حذف و فعل که به صورت  pastparticiple   (اسم مفعول )میباشد هیچ تغییری نمیکند.

۴3.a.The money  that had been  placed on the table was mine.

43.b.The money  placed on the table was mine.

44.a.The chair that is made out of wood is new

45.b.The chair made out of wood is new.  

 ***Clauses (defining or nondefining/essential or non –essential ) in which who, which, or that is the SUBJECT can be reduced to phrases.  

 هم جملات وایسته ضروری و هم غیر ضروری )هر دو را )را میتوان به صورت phrase   نوشت.

46.My chair, which is made out of wood, is new

47. My chair, made out of wood, is new.

 ***JUST BECAUSE YOU CAN reduce a clause to a phrase DOESN'T MEAN YOU SHOULD!:

      Notice that when you reduce a clause to a phrase, you LOSE the verb or the part of the verb that indicates the TIME. (Present participles are NOT "present"; past parciples are not "past.") If the time referred to will not be obvious from the rest of the sentence, it would not be a good idea to reduce the clause to a phrase! Think about how strange this sentences would be if you reduced the adjective clause to an adjective phrase!: The man who built the bridge is dead.